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Boron (IPA: /ˈbɔːrɒn/) is a chemical element with atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. A trivalent metalloid element, boron occurs abundantly in the ore borax. Boron is never found free in nature. more...

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Several allotropes of boron exist; amorphous boron is a brown powder, though crystalline boron is black, hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale), and a weak conductor at room temperature.

Elemental boron is used as a dopant in the semiconductor industry, while boron compounds play important roles as light structural materials, nontoxic insecticides and preservatives, and reagents for chemical synthesis.

Boron is an essential plant nutrient, and as an ultratrace mineral is necessary for the optimal health of animals, though its physiological role in animals is poorly understood.

Characteristics of the element

Brown amorphous boron is a product of certain chemical reactions. It contains boron atoms randomly bonded to each other without long range order.

Crystalline boron, a very hard material with a high melting point, exists in many polymorphs. Two rhombohedral forms, α-boron and β-boron containing 12 and 106.7 atoms in the rhombohedral unit cell respectively, and 50-atom tetragonal boron are the three most characterised crystalline forms.

Optical characteristics of crystalline/metallic boron include the transmittance of infrared light. At standard temperatures, metallic boron is a poor electrical conductor, but is a good electrical conductor at high temperatures.

Chemically boron is electron-deficient, possessing a vacant p-orbital. It is an electrophile. Compounds of boron often behave as Lewis acids, readily bonding with electron-rich substances to compensate for boron's electron deficiency. The reactions of boron are dominated by such requirement for electrons. Also, boron is the least electronegative non-metal, meaning that it is usually oxidized (loses electrons) in reactions.

Boron is also similar to carbon with its capability to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks.

Boron compounds

The most economically important compounds of boron are:

Sodium tetraborate pentahydrate (Na₂B₄O₇ · 5H₂O), which is used in large amounts in making insulating fiberglass and sodium perborate bleach,; Orthoboric acid (H₃BO₃) or boric acid, used in the production of textile fiberglass and flat panel displays or eye drops, among many uses, and; Sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na₂B₄O₇ · 10H₂O) or borax, used in the production of adhesives, in anti-corrosion systems and many other uses.; Boron nitride is a material in which the extra electron of nitrogen (with respect to carbon) in some ways compensates for boron's deficiency of an electron.;