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Overview

Most sensors are electrical or electronic, although other types exist. A sensor is a type of transducer. Direct indicating sensors, for example, a mercury thermometer, are human readable. Other sensors must be paired with an indicator or display, for instance a thermocouple.

Sensors are used in everyday life. Applications include automobiles, machines, aerospace, medicine, industry and robotics.

Technological progress allows more and more sensors to be manufactured on the microscopic scale as microsensors using MEMS technology. In most cases a microsensor reaches a significantly higher speed and sensitivity compared with macroscopic approaches. See also MEMS sensor generations.

Types

Since a significant change involves an exchange of energy, sensors can be classified according to the type of energy transfer that they detect.

Thermal

temperature sensors: thermometers, thermocouples, temperature sensitive resistors (thermistors and resistance temperature detectors), bi-metal thermometers and thermostats; heat sensors: bolometer, calorimeter;

Electromagnetic

electrical resistance sensors: ohmmeter, multimeter; electrical current sensors: galvanometer, ammeter; electrical voltage sensors: leaf electroscope, voltmeter; electrical power sensors: watt-hour meters; magnetism sensors: magnetic compass, fluxgate compass, magnetometer, Hall effect device,; metal detectors;

Mechanical

pressure sensors: altimeter, barometer, barograph, pressure gauge, air speed indicator, rate of climb indicator, variometer; gas and liquid flow sensors: flow sensor, anemometer, flow meter, gas meter, water meter, mass flow sensor; mechanical sensors: acceleration sensor, position sensor, selsyn, switch, strain gauge;

Chemical

Chemical sensors detect the presence of specific chemicals or classes of chemicals. Examples include oxygen sensors, also known as lambda sensors, ion-selective electrodes, pH glass electrodes, and redox electrodes.

Optical and radiation

electromagnetic time-of-flight. Generate an electromagnetic impulse, broadcast it, then measure the time a reflected pulse takes to return. Commonly known as - RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging) are now accompanied by the analogous LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging. See following line), all being electromagnetic waves. Acoustic sensors are a special case in that a pressure transducer is used to generate a compression wave in a fluid medium (air or water); light time-of-flight. Used in modern surveying equipment, a short pulse of light is emitted and returned by a retroreflector. The return time of the pulse is proportional to the distance and is related to atmospheric density in a predictable way.;